Banner: Knocknarea at Sunset.
Thre stones from the Great Circle at Newgrange, photographed by William A. Green.
Four of the Great Circle stones at Newgrange photographed by William A. Green. These massive rocks are 2.5 meters high and weigh several tons. The circle was erected quite some time after the mound of Newgrange was finished.

The Great Circle at Newgrange

The mound of Newgrange is surrounded by a huge stone circle, one of the biggest in Ireland with a diameter of 104 meters. The circle was long considered to date from the neolithic and to be contemporary with Newgrange; however, recent research and excavation has placed the Newgrange circle firmly in the Bronze age.

The first drawing of Newgrange by Edward Lhuyd, 1699, showing the mound to be a huge truncated cone of stone with a standing stone at the summit.
The first drawing of Newgrange by Edward Lhuyd, 1699, showing the mound to be a huge truncated cone of stone with a standing stone at the summit, and nine of the twelve stones in the great circle.

There are twelve standing stones remaining today, the same number that was reported when the mound was first recorded in 1699. There is an average of nine meters between the surviving stones, which means that if the circle were ever complete, it could have contained up to thirty-six stones.

The largest and tallest stones are found facing the Entrance, and these stones cast shadows at sunrise, which interact with carvings on the kerbstones.

Standing stone 9 of the Great Circle.
Standing stone 9 of the Great Circle, a strange sandstone conglomorite with quartz pebbles, on the west side of Newgrange.

Professor Michael O'Kelly suggested that the stones used for the Great Circle were left-overs from the megalithic phase which had been too large to use in the construction of the main monument. In his written work O'Kelly tends to view Newgrange as a 'pure' site, uncontaminated by later activities, and perhaps he is insisting that the circle is neolithic  in an attempt to draw attention away from bronze age 'squatters' who left hearths, postholes and a huge timber 'Woodhenge' close to Newgrange.

Plan of the excavation from the book Newgrange by Michael O'Kelly.
Plan of the excavation from the book Newgrange by Michael O'Kelly showing the location of nine stones in the Great Circle. The woodhenge pits and satellite monument Site Z are to the right.

Due to the composition of the layers uncovered during the excavations we know that the circle was built long after the main mound was completed but before the cairn collapsed. Several of the standing stones were snapped at their base, but had no cairn-slip under them, indicating that they may have been broken by some massive event.

The stones of the Great Circle at Newgrange cast shadows which can interact with the kerbstones at certain times.
The stones of the Great Circle at Newgrange cast shadows which can interact with the kerbstones at certain times. Martin Brennan noticed that on the winter solstice the shadow of GC1 touches the Entrance Stone.

Excavations

The excavations undertaken by David Sweetman in the 1980 were to prove that the stone circle was built after the great Bronze age Woodhenge to the east of Newgrange. It seems likely that the circle is a Bronze age addition and is several hundreds of years younger than the massive passage-grave and probably the last monumental construction on the site. The circle tells us that Newgrange and its environs were still held in great esteem a thousand years after the mound was constructed.

Plan of the excavation from the book Newgrange by Michael O'Kelly.
A photo from the excavation of the pit circle demonstrates that the Woodhenge pre-dates the great stone circle. Picture © Con Brogan.

Interestingly, the Great Circle has the same diameter as the two inner circles within the massive ring at Avebury in England. Of the twelve remaining Circle stones at Newgrange, the four largest and most imposing are on the south east side before the entrance. These stones are 2.5 to 3 meters tall and weigh many tons. Perhaps they were erected at the same time as the Avebury circles.

Shadows cast by the tanding stones of the Great Circle at Newgrange. Photo © Ken Williams.
Shadows cast by the tanding stones of the Great Circle at Newgrange.
Photo © Ken Williams.

Excavations have revealed that GC9, the strange conglomorate stone illustrated at the top of the page, was surrounded by some kind of timber structure during the bronze age. Two parallel rows of post holes, which held huge timber posts, burned down or was set on fire; the heat was so intense that the stone was cracked and damaged.

Standing stone -10 of the Great Circle at Newgrange.
Standing stone -10 of the Great Circle at Newgrange. This small rectangular enclosure was outside the main excavation area and shows the amount of cairn-slip still around the base of the north side of the mound.

The stone above, GC-10 had fallen when the mound collapsed and was found lying flat. Macalistar and Praeger examined this stone and had a pit dug under it to view the lower surface in June 1928. The pit was covered with planks and left that way until O'Riordain looked at it in 1954. He noted that there was no cairn slip beneath the stone and uncovered the socket and packing stones 7 meters from the kerbstones.

During O'Kelly's excavations in 1973 GC-10 was examined and restored to upright.

Thre stones from the Great Circle at Newgrange.
Three stones from the Great Circle at Newgrange. These massive rocks are 2.5 meters high and weigh several tons. The circle was erected some time after the mound of Newgrange was finished.